mohammad yazdani ziarat; ABASALI RASTEGHAR
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Communication apprehension (CA) is a problem related to organizational communications; i.e. the fear or anxiety people experience before, or when communicating with others. according to personality theories, people with positive personality traits -like high self-esteem- experience less ...
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INTRODUCTION
Communication apprehension (CA) is a problem related to organizational communications; i.e. the fear or anxiety people experience before, or when communicating with others. according to personality theories, people with positive personality traits -like high self-esteem- experience less anxiety in their interpersonal communications and have a greater willingness to communicate with others. Also, political skills are among the important communication skills at organizations that can be considered an antidote for CA. CA is an important problem for those employees who work within a political environment. Therefore, in this research we have tried to investigate the impact of political skill on CA of the employees of North Khorasan governate, which is a political unit.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In the early 1980s, both Pfeffer and Mintzberg introduce organizations as political entities, and both suggested that to be effective in such environments, individuals have to possess political skills. Ferris Et Al. (2005) have identified four dimensions of political skills: social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, and sincerity; that they could affect an employee's willingness or desire to their communication. For the first time, the concept of CA was introduced in 1970 by James C. Mccroskey. he believed that CA reflects the anxiety that a person experiences when communicate with others. An area in which people may experience CA is workplace. Macroskey and Richmond (1987) believed that self-esteem is one of the factors related to people's willingness to communicate with others. They suggest that people with high self-esteem have more desire to communicate with others.
abbasali rastgar; banafsheh fotovat; soheila bourghani farahani; pedram abdarzadeh
Abstract
1- INTRODUCTION
This research investigates the impact of variables such as happiness and spiritual and emotional intelligences on resilience among journalists. The research is conducted in the context of positive psychology and positive organizational behavior, which seek to explore positive psychological ...
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1- INTRODUCTION
This research investigates the impact of variables such as happiness and spiritual and emotional intelligences on resilience among journalists. The research is conducted in the context of positive psychology and positive organizational behavior, which seek to explore positive psychological potentials. Waller defines resilience as a person's positive adaptation in response to adverse conditions (traumas and threats) (Waller, 2001, p. 299). Resilience promotes adaptive behavior in problem-solving contexts. It involves various cognitive, ethical, emotional, and interpersonal dimensions. It helps the individual adapt to surrounding conditions and achieve internal and external integrity (Mashaekhi Dolat Abadi & Mohamadi, 2014, p. 207). Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of happiness on resilience in journalists considering the mediating role of spiritual and emotional intelligences.
2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual model of the research regards happiness as an independent and resilience as a dependent variable while emotional and spiritual intelligences are considered as mediator variables. According to this conceptual model, the variable of happiness includes five components of satisfaction, self-esteem, subjective well-being, satisfaction, and positive mood. Emotional intelligence includes five components of self-awareness, self-control, self-motivation, social awareness, and social skills. Spiritual intelligence includes four components of critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental consciousness, and expansion of self-awareness. Resilience includes five components of individual merit, tolerance of negative emotions and trust in individual instincts, positive acceptance of change and secure relationships, control, and spirituality.
3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This research is an applied study and employs the descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population of this research includes all reporters in Tehran's most popular newspapers, which is an infinite population. A total of 384 individuals were selected as the statistical sample according to Cochran's sample size formula. A questionnaire was distributed using the stratified combined sampling method. A total of 250 questionnaires were returned as a result. Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Schering Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, King Spiritual Intelligence Questionnaire (KSI Q), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were the standard questionnaires used to collect research data.
4- RESEARCH FINDINGS
The content validity method and expert opinions were used to ensure questionnaire validity. In addition, the validity of the research construct was confirmed using confirmatory factor analysis as well as convergent and divergent validity indices. Then, the reliability of the questionnaires was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, which was more than 0.7 for all four questionnaires, implying that the questionnaires were sufficiently reliable.
A review of the structural equation modeling of the research showed the direct effect of happiness on resilience was equal to 0.83 and its significance coefficient was equal to 12.31. The effect of happiness on emotional intelligence was equal to 0.66 and its significance coefficient was equal to 9.21. The effect of happiness on spiritual intelligence was equal to 0.72 and its significance coefficient was equal to 10.52. The effect of emotional intelligence on resilience was equal to 0.78 and its significance coefficient was equal to 11.41. The effect of spiritual intelligence on resilience was equal to 0.59 and its coefficient of significance was equal to 8.66. In addition, the indirect effect of happiness on resilience was estimated through the intermediate variables of emotional intelligence (0.78 × 0.66= 0.51) and spiritual intelligence (0.59 × 0.72=0.42), which confirmed the mediating role of emotional and spiritual intelligences. The results of data analysis using structural equation modeling by LISREL software show that the happiness of journalists in Tehran's popular newspapers has a positive effect on their resilience directly and through mediating emotional and spiritual intelligence variables. Therefore, all the research hypotheses are confirmed and the final research model can be generalized to the statistical society.
5- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The results of examining research hypotheses showed that happiness and emotional and spiritual intelligences have a positive and significant effect on resilience. Happiness plays an important role in improving physical and mental health. It also promotes participation in social activities and leads to a sense of security and satisfaction. Therefore, to deal with stressful situations common in their jobs, journalists should increase their happiness and resilience. Since it is possible for humans to live a life of delight, creativity, and satisfaction by training and regulating their own thoughts, journalists should attempt to identify and question their own assumptions and misconceptions.
In addition, emotional intelligence is a learned characteristic and individuals with high emotional intelligence are more resilient in difficult circumstances. Therefore it is recommended that managers of printed media organizations increase the emotional intelligence skills of journalists, including self-control and the appropriate treatment of audiences, colleagues, superiors and other individuals in the community. This improvement can be achieved through holding training courses on personality, listening skills, nonverbal messages, as well as courses on anger and stress control. Ultimately, because spiritual intelligence has a positive and significant effect on resilience, it is recommended that managers increase the spiritual intelligence of journalists through reflective exercises such as meditation, conscious awareness and self-awareness, increased openness, high sensitivity to experiences and realities such as the state of transcendence and spiritual issues, the improvement of ethical behavior, the search for the real meaning of events and an explanatio
for problems, and efforts to connect seemingly unrelated events.